![]() North RB, Kidd DH, Farrokhi F, Piantadosi SA. Failed back surgery syndrome - definition, epidemiology and demographics. Clinical evidence for spinal cord stimulation for failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS): systematic review. Kapural L, Peterson E, Provenzano DA, Staats P. The appropriate use of neurostimulation: new and evolving neurostimulation therapies and applicable treatment for chronic pain and selected disease states. 2018 8(8):138.ĭe Vos CC, Meier K, Zaalberg PB, Nijhuis HJ, Duyvendak W, Vesper J, et al. Spinal cord stimulation for neuropathic pain: current trends and future applications. Spinal cord stimulation in chronic pain: evidence and theory for mechanisms of action. 2014 118(2):464–72.Ĭaylor J, Reddy R, Yin S, Cui C, Huang M, Huang C, Ramesh R, Baker DG, Simmons A, Souza D, Narouze S, Vallejo R, Lerman I. Spinal cord stimulation reduces mechanical hyperalgesia and glial cell activation in animals with neuropathic pain. Sato KL, Johanek LM, Sanada LS, Sluka KA. Glia and pain: is chronic pain a gliopathy? Pain. Parameters of spinal cord stimulation and their role in electrical charge delivery: a review. Miller JP, Eldabe S, Buchser E, Johanek LM, Guan Y, Linderoth B. ![]() History of electrical neuromodulation for chronic pain. ![]() Electrical inhibition of pain by stimulation of the dorsal columns: preliminary clinical report. In: Krames E, Peckham PH, Rezai A, editors. Epidemiology of chronic non-malignant pain in Denmark. KeywordsĮriksen J, Jensen MK, Sjøgren P, Ekholm O, Rasmussen NK. However, technical care should be taken in order to avoid complications such as hemorrhage and spinal cord compression. Major advantages include better results, a broader area of stimulation, and a constant distance between contacts. However, in the long term, they have shown better results in pain relief with a smaller rate of complications, including lead migration and reoperation.Ĭonclusion: Paddle lead implantation is an important technique that should be known by pain therapists. Paddle electrodes require advanced surgical skills and are related to a mild higher rate of short-term complications. The literature has been reviewed, analyzing the outcome and complications comparing percutaneous with paddle leads.ĭiscussion: Technical aspects of paddle lead implantation are discussed, including major indications, benefits, surgical aspects, and complications. Methods: Basic concepts in spinal cord stimulation were reviewed, including indications, results, and techniques of insertion of paddle leads. Spinal cord leads can be either cylindrical (percutaneous) or paddle (plate). Introduction: Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has long been accepted as a safe and effective treatment modality for patients with refractory chronic pain.
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